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Omega-3 fish oil

Supplement fatty acid heart & metabolicbrain & moodbone & joint
Aka: fish oil
Brands seen in Singapore: California Gold Nutrition, NOW Foods, Sports Research, Nordic Naturals, Life Extension
Third-party tested: Sports Research, Nordic Naturals certify other products with NSF Certified for Sport, but nothing for omega-3 fish oil.Certification is granted per product, so check the tub you actually own. Not being listed is not the same as failing.
Not medical advice. Check with your doctor or pharmacist before you start, stop or change the timing of anything you take.
How to use
What it’s for
Triglycerides · heart, memory and joint evidence is mixed
When to take
Timing not addressed
Take with
Water · cod liver oil adds vitamin A and d on top of EPA/DHA
Studied for
Trials ran 12–88 months of daily use
Pros & cons
Pros
  • Triglycerides down ~15%, dose-dependent, high certainty
  • Typical softgel: 1,000 mg oil = 180 mg EPA + 120 mg DHA
  • May slightly cut coronary deaths — low certainty
Cons
  • Little or no effect on all-cause death or cvd events
  • Bad taste/breath, heartburn, nausea, diarrhea
  • 4 g/day trials: slightly more atrial fibrillation
Sources
  1. NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Recommended Intakes (Table 1 AIs for ALA) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “[ALA AI] 19–50 years: Male 1.6 g, Female 1.1 g, Pregnancy 1.4 g, Lactation 1.3 g … The IOM did not establish specific intake recommendations for EPA, DHA, or other LC omega-3s”
  2. NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Dietary Supplements (formulations, cod liver oil) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “several dietary supplement formulations, including fish oil, krill oil, cod liver oil, and vegetarian products that contain algal oil … Cod liver oil supplements provide vitamin A and vitamin D in addition to LC omega-3s”
  3. NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Dietary Supplements (typical fish oil supplement), Daily Value note · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “A typical fish oil supplement provides about 1,000 mg fish oil, containing 180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA … has established a Daily Value (DV) of 65 g for total fat but not for omega-3s”
  4. NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Omega-3s and Health: Cardiovascular disease (AHA guidance, prescription omega-3s) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “For people with existing coronary heart disease … the AHA recommends approximately 1 g/day EPA plus DHA … 4 g/day prescription omega-3s (containing EPA plus DHA or EPA only) lower triglyceride levels”
  5. NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Omega-3s and Health: Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and cognitive function · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “For people with mild cognitive impairment, omega-3s may improve certain aspects of cognitive function … LC omega-3 supplementation does not affect cognitive function in healthy older adults or in people with Alzheimer's disease compared to placebo”
  6. NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Omega-3s and Health: Rheumatoid arthritis · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “Findings to date suggest that LC omega-3s may be helpful as an adjunctive treatment to pharmacotherapy for ameliorating the symptoms of RA”
  7. NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Health Risks from Excessive Omega-3s (no UL, FDA 5 g/day, side effects) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “The IOM did not establish a UL for any omega-3s … FDA has concluded that dietary supplements providing no more than 5 g/day EPA and DHA are safe … unpleasant taste, bad breath, heartburn, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, headache”
  8. NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Health Risks from Excessive Omega-3s (atrial fibrillation) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “taking 4 g/day of omega-3 supplements for several years slightly increased the risk of atrial fibrillation in people with CVD or at high risk of CVD”
  9. NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Interactions with Medications (anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “Fish oil can have antiplatelet effects at high doses, although it appears to be less potent than aspirin … Fish oil might prolong clotting times, as indicated by an elevated international normalized ratio (INR), when it is taken with warfarin”
  10. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (Abdelhamid et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020, CD003177.pub5) — Main results: trials and doses · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “86 RCTs (162,796 participants) … Trials were of 12 to 88 months' duration … LCn3 doses ranged from 0.5 g a day to more than 5 g a day”
  11. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (Abdelhamid et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020, CD003177.pub5) — Main results: outcomes · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on all-cause mortality … cardiovascular events … high-certainty evidence … may slightly reduce coronary heart disease mortality … low-certainty evidence … reduced triglycerides by ˜15% in a dose-dependent way (high-certainty evidence)”
  12. HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines GL-CHPB-3-001 Rev. 020 (January 2026), s3 working definition + clause 4.8 (Tables 4–5 cover vitamins and minerals only) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “a. Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, enzymes, probiotics and other bioactive substances … 4.8 HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5”
  13. HSA — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Health Supplements and Traditional Medicines, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev. 001 (October 2025), clause 1.3 + Annex A/B · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list [fish oil / omega-3 / EPA / DHA not listed in Annex A or B]”
  14. iHerb Singapore — 'Fish Oil & Omega-3 Supplements | EPA & DHA' category page, default 'Featured' order, 1,066 results · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “California Gold Nutrition, Omega-3 Premium Fish Oil … (1,100 mg per Softgel) … NOW Foods, Omega-3 Fish Oil … Sports Research, Alaskan Omega-3 Fish Oil … Nordic Naturals, Ultimate Omega®, Great Lemon … Life Extension, Super Omega-3”
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Updated 2026-08-30. Every line above traces to a numbered source. Kozen-X is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. It lists what published sources have written down — nothing more. A pair not listed is unrecorded, not cleared. Before you start, stop or re-time anything, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.