{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"omega-3","kind":"supplement","name":"omega-3 fish oil","aliases":["fish oil"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","NOW Foods","Sports Research","Nordic Naturals","Life Extension"],"class":"fatty acid","tags":["heart","cognitive","bone-joint"],"use_for":"triglycerides · heart, memory and joint evidence is mixed","use_after":"timing not addressed","use_duration":"trials ran 12–88 months of daily use","take_with":"water · cod liver oil adds vitamin a and d on top of epa/dha","pros":["triglycerides down ~15%, dose-dependent, high certainty","typical softgel: 1,000 mg oil = 180 mg epa + 120 mg dha","may slightly cut coronary deaths — low certainty"],"cons":["little or no effect on all-cause death or cvd events","bad taste/breath, heartburn, nausea, diarrhea","4 g/day trials: slightly more atrial fibrillation"],"dose_note":"no rda or ai exists for epa or dha; the ai for ala is 1.6 g (men) / 1.1 g (women) a day; a typical fish-oil softgel gives about 1,000 mg oil with 180 mg epa + 120 mg dha; fda holds supplements at no more than 5 g/day epa + dha as safe; the aha cites about 1 g/day epa + dha for people with existing coronary heart disease, and 4 g/day prescription omega-3s are used for triglycerides — both doctor-led; cochrane trials used 0.5 g to more than 5 g a day; hsa sets no daily limit (tables 4–5 cover vitamins and minerals only) and fish oil is not on its prohibited/restricted list","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"g","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":"none for EPA/DHA · ALA AI 1.6 g men / 1.1 g women (19+)","ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["on warfarin or other blood thinners — inr can rise; antiplatelet effect at high doses; ask your doctor first","heart disease or high cvd risk — 4 g/day trials showed slightly more atrial fibrillation; ask your doctor","over 5 g/day epa + dha from supplements — beyond what fda calls safe; only under a doctor's care"],"clashes":[{"src":["nih_ods_omega3_interactions"],"note":"may prolong clotting time (raised inr) with warfarin; antiplatelet effect at high doses, less potent than aspirin","with":"warfarin and other anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs"}],"sources":[{"id":"nih_ods_omega3_intake","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Recommended Intakes (Table 1 AIs for ALA)","quote":"[ALA AI] 19–50 years: Male 1.6 g, Female 1.1 g, Pregnancy 1.4 g, Lactation 1.3 g … The IOM did not establish specific intake recommendations for EPA, DHA, or other LC omega-3s","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_omega3_forms","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Dietary Supplements (formulations, cod liver oil)","quote":"several dietary supplement formulations, including fish oil, krill oil, cod liver oil, and vegetarian products that contain algal oil … Cod liver oil supplements provide vitamin A and vitamin D in addition to LC omega-3s","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_omega3_typical","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Dietary Supplements (typical fish oil supplement), Daily Value note","quote":"A typical fish oil supplement provides about 1,000 mg fish oil, containing 180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA … has established a Daily Value (DV) of 65 g for total fat but not for omega-3s","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_omega3_heart","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Omega-3s and Health: Cardiovascular disease (AHA guidance, prescription omega-3s)","quote":"For people with existing coronary heart disease … the AHA recommends approximately 1 g/day EPA plus DHA … 4 g/day prescription omega-3s (containing EPA plus DHA or EPA only) lower triglyceride levels","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_omega3_cognitive","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Omega-3s and Health: Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and cognitive function","quote":"For people with mild cognitive impairment, omega-3s may improve certain aspects of cognitive function … LC omega-3 supplementation does not affect cognitive function in healthy older adults or in people with Alzheimer's disease compared to placebo","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_omega3_ra","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Omega-3s and Health: Rheumatoid arthritis","quote":"Findings to date suggest that LC omega-3s may be helpful as an adjunctive treatment to pharmacotherapy for ameliorating the symptoms of RA","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_omega3_safety","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Health Risks from Excessive Omega-3s (no UL, FDA 5 g/day, side effects)","quote":"The IOM did not establish a UL for any omega-3s … FDA has concluded that dietary supplements providing no more than 5 g/day EPA and DHA are safe … unpleasant taste, bad breath, heartburn, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, headache","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_omega3_afib","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Health Risks from Excessive Omega-3s (atrial fibrillation)","quote":"taking 4 g/day of omega-3 supplements for several years slightly increased the risk of atrial fibrillation in people with CVD or at high risk of CVD","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_omega3_interactions","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — Interactions with Medications (anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs)","quote":"Fish oil can have antiplatelet effects at high doses, although it appears to be less potent than aspirin … Fish oil might prolong clotting times, as indicated by an elevated international normalized ratio (INR), when it is taken with warfarin","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"abdelhamid2020_methods","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7049091","label":"Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (Abdelhamid et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020, CD003177.pub5) — Main results: trials and doses","quote":"86 RCTs (162,796 participants) … Trials were of 12 to 88 months' duration … LCn3 doses ranged from 0.5 g a day to more than 5 g a day","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"abdelhamid2020_results","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7049091","label":"Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (Abdelhamid et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020, CD003177.pub5) — Main results: outcomes","quote":"little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on all-cause mortality … cardiovascular events … high-certainty evidence … may slightly reduce coronary heart disease mortality … low-certainty evidence … reduced triglycerides by ˜15% in a dose-dependent way (high-certainty evidence)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_guidelines","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines GL-CHPB-3-001 Rev. 020 (January 2026), s3 working definition + clause 4.8 (Tables 4–5 cover vitamins and minerals only)","quote":"a. Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, enzymes, probiotics and other bioactive substances … 4.8 HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_prohibited_2025","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Health Supplements and Traditional Medicines, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev. 001 (October 2025), clause 1.3 + Annex A/B","quote":"to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list [fish oil / omega-3 / EPA / DHA not listed in Annex A or B]","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/fish-oil-omegas-epa-dha","label":"iHerb Singapore — 'Fish Oil & Omega-3 Supplements | EPA & DHA' category page, default 'Featured' order, 1,066 results","quote":"California Gold Nutrition, Omega-3 Premium Fish Oil … (1,100 mg per Softgel) … NOW Foods, Omega-3 Fish Oil … Sports Research, Alaskan Omega-3 Fish Oil … Nordic Naturals, Ultimate Omega®, Great Lemon … Life Extension, Super Omega-3","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":[{"brand":"Sports Research","example":null,"programme":"NSF Certified for Sport","matching_products":0,"brand_total_certified":2},{"brand":"Nordic Naturals","example":null,"programme":"NSF Certified for Sport","matching_products":0,"brand_total_certified":9}],"updated_at":"2026-08-30T17:59:36.026222+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}