DHA

“Omega-3s play important roles in the body as components of the phospholipids that form the structures of cell membranes … DHA, in particular, is especially high in the retina, brain, and sperm”

“For age 1 and older, the AIs apply only to ALA because ALA is the only omega-3 that is essential. The IOM did not establish specific intake recommendations for EPA, DHA, or other LC omega-3s”

“A typical fish oil supplement provides about 1,000 mg fish oil, containing 180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA, but doses vary widely”

“Plant-based sources of omega-3s from algal oil usually provide around 100–300 mg DHA … According to a small study, the bioavailability of DHA from algal oil is equivalent to that from cooked salmon”

“DHA is concentrated in the brain and the retina and accumulates most rapidly during the third trimester of pregnancy … accumulation in the brain continues throughout the first 2 years after birth”

“Results from RCTs have not shown consistent benefits from maternal supplementation with EPA and/or DHA during pregnancy on infant cognition or visual development”

“long-chain omega-3 supplements, particularly DHA, have been shown to reduce the risk of preterm and early preterm birth”

“EFSA … All pregnant women … Consume an additional 100–200 mg/day DHA during pregnancy on top of 250 mg/day of DHA plus EPA for all adults”

“the findings indicate that LC omega-3 supplementation does not affect cognitive function in healthy older adults or in people with Alzheimer's disease compared to placebo. For people with mild cognitive impairment, omega-3s may improve certain aspects of cognitive function”

“FDA also specifies that the labels of dietary supplements should not recommend a daily intake of EPA and DHA higher than 2 g”

“The IOM did not establish a UL for any omega-3s … FDA has concluded that dietary supplements providing no more than 5 g/day EPA and DHA are safe when used as recommended”

“Two large clinical trials … found that taking 4 g/day of omega-3 supplements for several years slightly increased the risk of atrial fibrillation in people with CVD or at high risk of CVD”

“Fish oil can have antiplatelet effects at high doses, although it appears to be less potent than aspirin … Fish oil might prolong clotting times, as indicated by an elevated international normalized ratio (INR), when it is taken with warfarin”

“HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5”

“The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list [DHA and omega-3 appear in neither Annex A nor B]”

“California Gold Nutrition, DHA 700 Fish Oil … California Gold Nutrition, DHA from Marine Algae, 200 mg … Nordic Naturals, Prenatal DHA … Thorne, Prenatal DHA … NOW Foods, DHA-500 Fish Oil … OmegaVia, DHA 600 Omega-3”