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PQQ

Supplement vitamin-like compound energybrain & mood
Aka: pyrroloquinoline quinone, BioPQQ
Brands seen in Singapore: California Gold Nutrition, Doctor's Best, Life Extension, NOW Foods, Jarrow Formulas
Not medical advice. Check with your doctor or pharmacist before you start, stop or change the timing of anything you take.
How to use
What it’s for
Limited human evidence — small trials, no pooled review
Take with
SG listings are mostly CoQ10 combos, not PQQ alone
Studied for
Trials ran 12 weeks or 90 days at 20 mg a day
Pros & cons
Pros
  • 20 mg a day is the level used across the trials
  • Double-blind memory trials exist in adults 20-65
  • Food-ingredient status in the US, japan and the eu
Cons
  • The 'longevity vitamin' role is debated, not settled
  • Energy claims rest on mitochondrial mechanism work
  • In a 60-person RCT, one domain showed a group effect
Sources
  1. Chemical Proteomics Reveal the Inventory of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Binding Proteins in Bacteria (Journal of the American Chemical Society 2026; PMC13088180) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a bacterial redox cofactor enabling enzyme catalysis in various sugar and alcohol dehydrogenases. However, its proposed additional role as a "longevity vitamin" lacks a clear molecular basis and is thus highly debated.”
  2. Dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone and spermidine in healthy longevity: targeting the hallmarks of aging (Frontiers in Aging 2026; PMC13219961) — mechanism review · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “PQQ primarily functions as a mitochondrial and redox regulator, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetic capacity through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha pathways.”
  3. Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt improves brain function in both younger and older adults (Food & Function 2023; PMID 36807425) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “PQQ (20 mg per day) was administered for 12 weeks to the participants. After 12 weeks, the participants showed improvements in composite memory and verbal memory.”
  4. The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt on brain function and physiological processes (Journal of Medical Investigation 2024; PMID 38735721) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “approved as a new food ingredient by FDA in 2008. Now, it is approved as a food in Japan and the EU … The baseline intake level of PQQ is considered to be 20 mg/day.”
  5. Journal of Medical Investigation 2024 review — what the cognitive trials reported · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “In the field of cognitive function, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have been conducted. Various improvements have been reported regarding general memory, verbal memory, working memory, and attention.”
  6. The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone and nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on interoception following acute exhaustive exercise: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (Scientific Reports 2026; PMC12886864) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “Sixty participants were randomly assigned in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial … Body listening was the only domain that demonstrated a significant group × time interaction”
  7. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone response to pyrroloquinoline quinone supplementation in healthy women: no overall change and exploratory subgroup findings (Frontiers in Endocrinology 2026; PMID 42500134) · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “Fifty healthy women aged 25-42 years … received 20 mg/day of PQQ for 90 ± 10 days … AMH did not change significantly overall”
  8. HSA Singapore - Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in HS and TM, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev. No. 001 (October 2025), clause 1.3 + Annexes A and B · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list”
  9. iHerb Singapore — PQQ category (Brain), default order · read 2026-08-27
    what it says
    “1 - 45 of 45 results … California Gold Nutrition, CoQ10 with PQQ … Doctor's Best, PQQ, 20 mg … Life Extension, Super Ubiquinol CoQ10 with PQQ … NOW Foods, PQQ … Jarrow Formulas, QH-Absorb® + PQQ”
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Updated 2026-08-29. Every line above traces to a numbered source. Kozen-X is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. It lists what published sources have written down — nothing more. A pair not listed is unrecorded, not cleared. Before you start, stop or re-time anything, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.