{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"vitamin-e","kind":"supplement","name":"vitamin e","aliases":["tocopherol","d-alpha-tocopherol","tocotrienols"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","Life Extension","21st Century","NOW Foods","Swanson Vitamins"],"class":"vitamin","tags":["skin-hair","heart"],"use_for":"antioxidant · deficiency is rare outside fat malabsorption","use_after":"with a meal that has fat · the gut needs fat to absorb it","use_duration":null,"take_with":"food with fat · acetate and succinate esters absorb as well","pros":["rda 15 mg a day for adults (alpha-tocopherol only)","natural d-alpha is twice as active per mg as synthetic","frank deficiency is rare in healthy people"],"cons":["high doses inhibit platelet aggregation; bleeding risk","select trial: 400 iu/day → 17% more prostate cancer","trials show no heart-disease benefit from supplements"],"dose_note":"rda 15 mg a day of alpha-tocopherol for adults (19 mg when breastfeeding); the ul is 1,000 mg a day of supplemental alpha-tocopherol in any form — 1,500 iu natural or 1,100 iu synthetic; 1 mg = 1.49 iu natural (d-) or 2.22 iu synthetic (dl-); hsa's limit for general-adult health supplements in singapore is 536 mg (800 iu) a day","dosage":{"ul":"1,000 mg (1,500 IU natural / 1,100 IU synthetic)","unit":"mg","fda_dv":"15 mg alpha-tocopherol","rda_ai":"15 mg alpha-tocopherol (adults 14+) · 19 mg lactation","ul_status":"established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":"536 mg (800 IU)"},"ul_status":"established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["on warfarin or other anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs — large doses raise bleeding risk; ask your doctor first","men — 400 iu/day vitamin e raised prostate cancer risk 17% in the select trial","on chemotherapy or radiotherapy — oncologists generally advise against antioxidant supplements","crohn's, cystic fibrosis or bile problems — the group most likely to run low; worth a doctor's check"],"clashes":[{"src":["nih_ods_vite_bleed"],"note":"large doses of vitamin e can increase the risk of bleeding","with":"warfarin (coumadin) and other anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs"},{"src":["nih_ods_vite_rx"],"note":"an antioxidant combo including vitamin e blunted the rise in hdl cholesterol","with":"simvastatin + niacin"},{"src":["nih_ods_vite_rx"],"note":"antioxidant supplements might reduce the effectiveness of these therapies","with":"chemotherapy or radiotherapy"}],"sources":[{"id":"nih_ods_vite_intro","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (updated March 26, 2021) — Introduction + Table 1 RDAs (14+ years row: male · female · pregnancy · lactation)","quote":"Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant … The FNB's vitamin E recommendations are for alpha-tocopherol alone, the only form maintained in plasma … 14+ years 15 mg 15 mg 15 mg 19 mg","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_vite_forms","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (updated March 26, 2021) — Recommended Intakes (IU conversion) + Dietary supplements (natural vs synthetic)","quote":"1 mg of alpha-tocopherol is equivalent to 1.49 IU of the natural form or 2.22 IU of the synthetic form … A given amount of synthetic alpha-tocopherol … is therefore only half as active as the same amount … of the natural form","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_vite_abs","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (updated March 26, 2021) — Vitamin E Deficiency (fat absorption) + Dietary supplements (esters)","quote":"Because the digestive tract requires fat to absorb vitamin E … The body hydrolyzes and absorbs these esters (alpha-tocopheryl acetate and succinate) as efficiently as alpha-tocopherol","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_vite_risk","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (updated March 26, 2021) — Vitamin E Deficiency + Groups at Risk of Vitamin E Inadequacy","quote":"Frank vitamin E deficiency is rare … people with fat-malabsorption disorders are more likely to become deficient … People with Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, or an inability to secrete bile from the liver into the digestive tract","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_vite_ul","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (updated March 26, 2021) — Health Risks from Excessive Vitamin E + Table 3 ULs (19+ years row)","quote":"The ULs apply to all forms of supplemental alpha-tocopherol … Doses of up to 1,000 mg/day (1,500 IU/day of the natural form or 1,100 IU/day of the synthetic form) in adults appear to be safe … 19+ years 1,000 mg","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_vite_bleed","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (updated March 26, 2021) — Health Risks from Excessive Vitamin E (bleeding) + Interactions: Anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications","quote":"High doses of alpha-tocopherol supplements can cause hemorrhage … in animals, and in vitro data suggest that high doses inhibit platelet aggregation … Taking large doses with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, such as warfarin (Coumadin), can increase the risk of bleeding","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_vite_select","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (updated March 26, 2021) — Vitamin E and Health: Cancer (SELECT trial)","quote":"vitamin E supplements (400 IU/day [180 mg]) … may harm adult men … by increasing their risk of prostate cancer … the men who had taken the vitamin E had a 17% increased risk of prostate cancer","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_vite_cvd","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (updated March 26, 2021) — Vitamin E and Health: Coronary heart disease","quote":"In general, clinical trials have not provided evidence that routine use of vitamin E supplements prevents cardiovascular disease or reduces its morbidity and mortality","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_vite_rx","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (updated March 26, 2021) — Interactions with Medications (Simvastatin and niacin; Chemotherapy and radiotherapy)","quote":"This collection of antioxidant ingredients blunted the rise in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels … Oncologists generally advise against the use of antioxidant supplements during cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy because they might reduce the effectiveness of these therapies","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"fda_dv","url":"https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels","label":"FDA — Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels, Reference Guide: Daily Values for Nutrients (content current as of 03/05/2024)","quote":"DVs are the recommended amounts of nutrients to consume or not to exceed each day … Vitamin E 15mg alpha-tocopherol","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_guidelines","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA Singapore — Health Supplements Guidelines GL-CHPB-3-001 Rev. No. 020 (January 2026), s4.8 general-adult limits, Table 4 Vitamins Limits + List of Health Claims row 67","quote":"Table 4: Vitamins Limits … Vitamin E 536mg (800IU) … An antioxidant that protects the fat in body tissues from oxidation • Vitamin E","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_prohibited_2025","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA Singapore — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Health Supplements and Traditional Medicines, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev. 001 (October 2025), Annex A row 115","quote":"115. Vitamin E Restricted use in HS and TM Maximum Daily Dose When for oral use by general adult population, the maximum recommended daily dose should not provide more than 536mg (800IU)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/vitamin-e","label":"iHerb Singapore — Vitamin E category, default order (SGD pricing)","quote":"California Gold Nutrition, Sunflower Vitamin E … 400 IU … Life Extension, Super Selenium Complex & Vitamin E … 21st Century, Vitamin E, 180 mg (400 IU) … NOW Foods, E-400, 268 mg (400 IU) … Swanson Vitamins, Vitamin E-400, 180.2 mg (400 IU)","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:34.039038+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}