{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"tmg","kind":"supplement","name":"tmg","aliases":["trimethylglycine","betaine anhydrous"],"brands_sg":["Life Extension","NOW Foods","Swanson Vitamins","Nutricost","Vitamatic"],"class":"methyl donor","tags":["heart","fitness"],"use_for":"maximal and lower-body strength · heart data is thin","use_after":null,"use_duration":"trials ran at least 7 days of daily use","take_with":"sold plain in sg — 500 to 1,000 mg, no co-ingredient","pros":["17 studies, 317 people pooled for exercise outcomes","maximal strength effect size 0.47 in that pooling","7 days was enough in the pooled trials"],"cons":["no effect on upper body, sprint power or endurance","inflammation pooling: not enough evidence to conclude","only 21% of the pooled exercise sample was female"],"dose_note":"the 2024 exercise pooling of 17 studies in 317 people used chronic dosing of at least 7 days and reported a maximal-strength effect size of 0.47 (95% ci 0.04 to 0.89), with nothing significant for upper-body strength, cycling sprint power or muscular endurance; it does not state a milligram dose, and sg listings sit at 500 to 1,000 mg per serving; on the heart side a 2026 trial in 102 overweight adults with raised homocysteine compared betaine-containing nutrients against b6, b12 and folic acid rather than placebo, and a 2026 pooling of observational data found no link between dietary betaine and type 2 diabetes at very low certainty","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"mg","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["the pooled exercise sample was 79% male, aged 15 to 60 — women are underrepresented","the homocysteine trial compared betaine against b6, b12 and folic acid, not placebo","dietary betaine and type 2 diabetes: no link found, and the certainty was rated very low","tmg is not listed in hsa annex a or b — hsa says that list is not exhaustive"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"jss2024","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39514262","label":"Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance: systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of Sports Sciences 2024; PMID 39514262)","quote":"included 17 studies with 317 participants (21% female) … a significant effect size of 0.47 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.89) for maximal strength … No significant effects were found for upper body strength, cycling sprint power, or muscular endurance","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"jss2024_dur","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39514262","label":"Journal of Sports Sciences 2024 meta-analysis — conclusion and minimum duration","quote":"betaine supplementation for at least 7 days significantly enhances muscular strength, especially lower body strength, and shows potential in improving vertical jumping performance","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ijfsn2023","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37733077","label":"Effects of betaine supplementation on inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; PMID 37733077)","quote":"A total of 6 RCTs with 7 intervention trials involving 277 participants were included … The present meta-analysis does not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that betaine supplementation improved the inflammation state.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"jdr2026","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12767234","label":"Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (Journal of Diabetes Research 2026; PMC12767234)","quote":"The pooled analysis of three studies, with 65,725 subjects, indicated no significant link between dietary betaine and T2D incidence … The certainty of the evidence was rated very low","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nutrhosp2026","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41960847","label":"Effects of betaine-containing nutrients on homocysteine levels and glucose-lipid metabolism in overweight and obese patients with hyperhomocysteinemia (Nutricion Hospitalaria 2026; PMID 41960847) — design","quote":"102 included subjects were allocated to an observation group (n = 52, given betaine-containing nutrients) or a control group (n = 50, routinely administered with vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nutrhosp2026_res","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41960847","label":"Nutricion Hospitalaria 2026 trial — reported between-group differences at eight weeks","quote":"the betaine group achieved greater improvements in FBG, TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Hcy, and AIP","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"animals2026","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42353492","label":"Effects of Dietary Betaine on Growth Performance, Serum Metabolites, and Meat Quality of Pigs: A Meta-Analysis (Animals 2026; PMID 42353492) — cited only for the biochemical descriptor; the outcome data are in swine","quote":"Betaine, functioning as a key methyl donor and organic osmolyte, is widely used to improve growth performance and carcass characteristics of swine.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"frontnutr2025","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12834772","label":"Exercise-mimicking effects of betaine in chronic disease prevention and management (Frontiers in Nutrition 2025; PMC12834772) — cited only for dietary sources","quote":"Betaine, a natural compound found in beets, wheat germ, shellfish, and mammalian tissues","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_prohibited_2025","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA Singapore - Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in HS and TM, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev. No. 001 (October 2025), clause 1.3 + Annexes A and B","quote":"The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/tmg-trimethylglycine-betaine-anhydrous","label":"iHerb Singapore — TMG Trimethylglycine (Betaine Anhydrous) category (Gut Health), default order","quote":"TMG Trimethylglycine (Betaine Anhydrous) … 1 - 24 of 24 results … Life Extension, TMG, 500 mg … NOW Foods, TMG, 1,000 mg … Swanson Vitamins, TMG, 500 mg … Nutricost, TMG, 750 mg … Vitamatic, TMG, 1,000 mg","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:33.302383+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}