{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"taurine","kind":"supplement","name":"taurine","aliases":["L-taurine","2-aminoethanesulfonic acid"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","NOW Foods","Life Extension","Micro Ingredients","Nutricost"],"class":"amino acid","tags":["fitness","heart"],"use_for":"limited human evidence — mostly studied with caffeine","use_after":"trials dose it about 1 h before a single exercise bout","use_duration":null,"take_with":"water · commonly sold paired with caffeine in energy drinks","pros":["with caffeine, helped anaerobic power and reaction","12 pooled trials rated moderate to strong quality","commonly used doses in trials are 1000–2000 mg"],"cons":["evidence for taurine on its own is thin","only 12 studies pooled — estimates are imprecise","energy-drink doses of 1 g did not lift performance"],"dose_note":"trials most often use 1000–2000 mg; energy drinks carry 71–3105 mg; higher paired doses such as 50 mg/kg taurine with 5 mg/kg caffeine look more promising but are less studied","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"mg","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["heart or blood-pressure conditions — effects with caffeine on BP and heart rate are not well understood","under 18 — the pooled trials are in adult athletes and students","pregnancy — no pooled human safety data found in the sources read"],"clashes":[{"src":["taurine_nma"],"food":true,"note":"energy-drink doses (80 mg caffeine + 1 g taurine) did not improve performance; higher paired doses ranked better","with":"caffeine"}],"sources":[{"id":"taurine_nma","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12490369","label":"Caffeine and taurine: systematic review and network meta-analysis (Deng et al., JISSN 2025)","quote":"findings regarding their combined efficacy remain inconclusive … Twelve studies were included … the relatively small number of included studies increases the influence of individual study variability, which may compromise the precision","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_restricted","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on prohibited and restricted ingredients in health supplements and traditional medicines (Oct 2025, Annex A/B)","quote":"Annex B: List of substances with potential safety issues and recommended risk mitigation measures","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on health supplements (Tables 4–5, maximum daily dose limits)","quote":"Table 4: Vitamins Limits … Table 5: Minerals Limits","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/l-taurine","label":"iHerb Singapore — L-Taurine category (default order)","quote":"California Gold Nutrition … NOW Foods … Life Extension … Micro Ingredients … Nutricost","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:33.302383+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}