{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"squalene","kind":"supplement","name":"squalene","aliases":["shark liver oil","squalane"],"brands_sg":["Mild By Nature","Vanicream","Advanced Clinicals","Pura D'or","Missha"],"class":"lipid","tags":["skin-hair","immune"],"use_for":"a sebum lipid; sg listings are topical squalane skincare","use_after":null,"use_duration":null,"take_with":null,"pros":["a normal component of human sebum","the body makes it, so toxicity potential is low","mf59 squalene adjuvant: safety well characterised"],"cons":["sg listings are skincare, not oral supplements","myalgia rose slightly with the mf59 adjuvant (rr 1.35)","not in hsa's annex a/b — that list is not exhaustive"],"dose_note":"no reference intake is set for it; the human squalene evidence found here is a vaccine-adjuvant safety review and skin-lipid chemistry, and neither describes an oral supplement dose","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":null,"fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["the sg category is topical skincare, not an oral supplement","the human safety record quoted is for an injected vaccine adjuvant, not a capsule","not listed in hsa's annex a/b — not the same as cleared"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"ssl2024","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37940006","label":"The heterogeneity and complexity of skin surface lipids in human skin health and disease (Mijaljica et al., Prog Lipid Res 2024) — abstract via Europe PMC","quote":"sebum is a waxy mixture predominantly composed of acylglycerols, wax esters, non-esterified fatty acids, squalene, cholesterol and cholesterol esters","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mf59_adjuvant","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13120004","label":"Systematic Review of Safety of MF59-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults (2026) — why squalene was chosen","quote":"Squalene was chosen as the base for this adjuvant because it is a naturally occurring oil synthesized by humans and, therefore, offers low toxicity potential","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mf59_safety","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13120004","label":"Systematic Review of Safety of MF59-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults (2026) — conclusion","quote":"MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines have a favorable and well-characterized safety profile in adults aged 60 years and older. Adverse events are predominantly mild and transient","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mf59_myalgia","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13120004","label":"Systematic Review of Safety of MF59-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults (2026) — the one signal found","quote":"only myalgia showed a small but significant increase with adjuvanted vaccines (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.02–1.78) compared with non-adjuvanted vaccines","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_pr_notlisted","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Health Supplements and Traditional Medicines, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev 001 (Oct 2025), Annex A/B — searched, no row for this ingredient","quote":"The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/squalane","label":"iHerb Singapore — Squalane category (default order, 1 - 36 of 36 results); sg.iherb.com/c/squalene and /c/shark-liver-oil both return 404, so this topical category is the only matching one","quote":"Mild By Nature, All Day Hydration Cream … Vanicream, Daily Facial Moisturizer … Advanced Clinicals, Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Body Cream … Pura D'or, Squalane Oil … Missha, M B.B Boomer","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:31.341231+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}