{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"plant-sterols","kind":"supplement","name":"plant sterols","aliases":["phytosterols","beta-sitosterol","stanol esters"],"brands_sg":[],"class":"phytosterol","tags":["heart","mens-health"],"use_for":"lipid trials report lower LDL at 1.3 g/day of esters","use_after":"daily · the authorised FDA claim is two servings a day","use_duration":null,"take_with":"meals — the claim specifies servings eaten with food","pros":["FDA allows a heart-disease risk claim at 1.3 g/day","28-RCT meta-analysis: lower TC, LDL-c and Apo-B","a dose-response was seen across those trials"],"cons":["sitosterolemia — circulating phytosterols already high","atherosclerosis data called incomplete and contested","SG bars 'reduces cholesterol' claims on supplements"],"dose_note":"the FDA authorised claim uses at least 1.3 g a day of plant sterol esters, or 3.4 g a day of plant stanol esters, split over two servings eaten with meals","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"g","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["sitosterolemia (ABCG5/G8 dysfunction) — phytosterols accumulate","elevated blood total and LDL cholesterol — the FDA claim itself points to a physician"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"fda_101_83","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-101/subpart-E/section-101.83","label":"FDA — 21 CFR 101.83, Health claims: plant sterol/stanol esters and risk of coronary heart disease","quote":"at least 0.65 g per serving of plant sterol esters, eaten twice a day with meals for a daily total intake of at least 1.3 g … may reduce the risk of heart disease","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"zhang2024","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11495771","label":"Effects of phytosterol supplementation on lipid profiles and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of RCTs (Medicine 2024)","quote":"PS supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) levels … the effects of phytosterols on lipid profiles and atherosclerosis remain incomplete and controversial","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"sito2025","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12540574","label":"Factors Affecting Circulating Phytosterol Levels (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2025)","quote":"Dysfunction of the ATP-binding cassette G5/G8 heterodimier (ABCG5/G8) leads to sitosterolemia, a condition in which premature atherosclerosis is often observed, thereby linking elevated circulating phytosterols to atherogenicity.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines (Jan 2026), Tables 4 & 5 vitamin/mineral limits","quote":"HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_claims","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines (Jan 2026), Table 6 prohibited claims","quote":"HS must not be labelled, advertised or promoted for any specific medicinal purpose … Blood and circulatory system: Hypertension, stroke, cholesterol disorders, reduces cholesterol, regulates platelet aggregation","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_pr","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on prohibited and restricted ingredients in HS and TM (Oct 2025), Annex A/B","quote":"A list of specific prohibited and restricted ingredients is provided in Annex A … This list is not exhaustive. Dealers should continue to: Conduct thorough safety assessments of their products","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:27.496708+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}