{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"phosphatidylcholine","kind":"supplement","name":"phosphatidylcholine","aliases":["PC","polyenylphosphatidylcholine"],"brands_sg":["Thorne","NOW Foods","BodyBio","Natural Factors","Source Naturals"],"class":"phospholipid","tags":["cognitive","general"],"use_for":"the main dietary form of choline, a cell-membrane lipid","use_after":null,"use_duration":null,"take_with":"food · it is absorbed intact as a phospholipid","pros":["about half of US dietary choline comes in this form","choline has a set AI and UL — unusual for a supplement","no clinically relevant medicine interactions known"],"cons":["2003 Cochrane: no clear lecithin benefit in dementia","high choline: fishy body odour, sweating, low BP","typical caps give 10–250 mg; review doses were g/day"],"dose_note":"supplements typically supply 10–250 mg of choline; a 2025 review cites far higher phosphatidylcholine intakes — around 3.6 g/day preventatively in older adults","dosage":{"ul":3500,"unit":"mg (as choline)","fda_dv":550,"rda_ai":"550 mg/day men · 425 mg/day women (choline AI, 19+)","ul_status":"established","population":"general adult 19+","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["choline UL is 3,500 mg/day for adults 19 and over","choline is not in HSA's vitamin/mineral limit tables"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"nih_ods_choline","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Choline fact sheet (Health Professional)","quote":"About half the dietary choline consumed in the United States is in the form of phosphatidylcholine … Choline is not known to have any clinically relevant interactions with medications","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_cholineb","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Choline fact sheet, Neurological disorders section","quote":"a 2003 Cochrane Review of 12 randomized trials … found no clear clinical benefits of lecithin supplementation for treating Alzheimer's disease or Parkinsonian dementia","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_cholinec","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Choline fact sheet, Health Risks from Excessive Choline","quote":"High intakes of choline are associated with a fishy body odor, vomiting, excessive sweating and salivation, hypotension, and liver toxicity","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nootropics2025","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12466949","label":"Focus on Cognitive Enhancement: A Narrative Overview of Nootropics and \"Smart Drug\" Use and Misuse (Biology 2025)","quote":"Phosphatidylcholine, a key component of lecithin … serves as a choline reservoir. Therapeutic efficacy in older adults may require significantly higher doses, with preventative use around 3.6 g/day","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines (Jan 2026), Tables 4–5 vitamin and mineral limits","quote":"Table 4: Vitamins Limits … Table 5: Minerals Limits [neither table names choline or phosphatidylcholine]","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/phosphatidylcholine","label":"iHerb Singapore — phosphatidylcholine category page (default best-selling order)","quote":"Thorne · NOW Foods · BodyBio · Natural Factors · Source Naturals [first distinct brands, default order]","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":[{"brand":"Thorne","example":null,"programme":"NSF Certified for Sport","matching_products":0,"brand_total_certified":66}],"updated_at":"2026-08-30T17:59:39.960259+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}