{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"multivitamin","kind":"supplement","name":"multivitamin","aliases":["multivitamin-mineral","MVM","multi"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","Life Extension","Thorne","MaryRuth's","21st Century"],"class":"vitamin/mineral blend","tags":["general"],"use_for":"filling gaps when food alone misses nutrients","use_after":"timing not addressed · trials used one dose daily","use_duration":"the trials ran for years","take_with":"water · no standard definition — label amounts vary","pros":["raises nutrient intakes when the diet falls short","rda-level basic multis look safe in healthy adults","cosmos ancillary studies: small memory gains in 60+"],"cons":["uspstf: little or no benefit for cancer, cvd or death","stacking a multi with singles can pass upper limits","smokers: beta-carotene raised lung-cancer risk"],"dose_note":"there is no standard or regulatory definition of a multi, so amounts vary by product; basic multis keep most nutrients at or below the daily values, rdas or ais, while high-potency and condition-specific ones can exceed the upper limits; hsa caps each vitamin and mineral in singapore general-adult health supplements (tables 4–5) — iron 15 mg, with 30 mg/day allowed for multivitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant women","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":null,"fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":"per nutrient (Tables 4–5) — e.g. iron 15 mg · vitamin B6 100 mg · magnesium 350 mg"},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["smokers and former smokers — large amounts of beta-carotene or vitamin a were linked to lung cancer","pregnancy — preformed vitamin a (retinol) in excess is linked to birth defects","on warfarin or similar blood thinners — vitamin k in a multi affects the drug; a doctor's call first","already on single-nutrient supplements — combined totals can exceed the upper limits"],"clashes":[{"src":["mvms_warfarin"],"note":"vitamin k in a multi decreases the effectiveness of warfarin and similar drugs","with":"warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) and similar anticoagulants"}],"sources":[{"id":"mvms_def","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Multivitamin/mineral Supplements (Health Professional), updated July 17, 2024; read via web.archive.org capture 24 Aug 2026 — Introduction (no standard definition)","quote":"MVM and MV supplements have no standard or regulatory definition, such as what nutrients they must contain or in what amounts. Therefore, these terms refer to products that have widely varying compositions","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mvms_intake","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Multivitamin/mineral Supplements (Health Professional), updated July 17, 2024; read via web.archive.org capture 24 Aug 2026 — Multivitamin/minerals and Health: Increase nutrient intakes","quote":"Taking an MVM increases nutrient intakes and helps people obtain recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals when they do not meet these needs from food alone","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mvms_uspstf","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Multivitamin/mineral Supplements (Health Professional), updated July 17, 2024; read via web.archive.org capture 24 Aug 2026 — USPSTF evidence review conclusion","quote":"vitamin and mineral supplements had little or no benefit in preventing cancer, CVD, and death, except that MVMs may provide a small benefit against cancer … there was insufficient evidence to determine the balance of benefits and harms","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mvms_cognition","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Multivitamin/mineral Supplements (Health Professional), updated July 17, 2024; read via web.archive.org capture 24 Aug 2026 — COSMOS ancillary studies (COSMOS-Mind, Web, Clinic)","quote":"a meta-analysis of the three ancillary studies (COSMOS-Mind, Web, and Clinic) that included more than 5,000 participants showed that MVM use improved global cognition and episodic memory over time","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mvms_safety_basic","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Multivitamin/mineral Supplements (Health Professional), updated July 17, 2024; read via web.archive.org capture 24 Aug 2026 — Safety Issues (basic MVMs)","quote":"Taking a basic MVM that provides nutrients in amounts that are approximately the same as recommended intakes should be safe for healthy people","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mvms_safety_ul","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Multivitamin/mineral Supplements (Health Professional), updated July 17, 2024; read via web.archive.org capture 24 Aug 2026 — Safety Issues (exceeding the UL)","quote":"individuals who take MVMs and other supplements and who consume fortified foods and beverages might obtain some nutrients in amounts exceeding the UL, increasing the possibility of adverse effects","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mvms_smokers","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Multivitamin/mineral Supplements (Health Professional), updated July 17, 2024; read via web.archive.org capture 24 Aug 2026 — Safety Issues (beta-carotene and smokers)","quote":"Smokers and, possibly, former smokers should avoid MVM products providing large amounts of beta-carotene or vitamin A because two studies have linked these nutrients to an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mvms_pregnancy_a","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Multivitamin/mineral Supplements (Health Professional), updated July 17, 2024; read via web.archive.org capture 24 Aug 2026 — Safety Issues (preformed vitamin A in pregnancy)","quote":"Taking excess vitamin A (as retinol or other preformed forms of vitamin A but not beta-carotene) during pregnancy can increase the risk of birth defects in infants","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mvms_warfarin","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Multivitamin/mineral Supplements (Health Professional), updated July 17, 2024; read via web.archive.org capture 24 Aug 2026 — Interactions with Medications","quote":"People who take certain blood thinners, such as warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven), should talk with their health care providers before taking any MVM or dietary supplement containing vitamin K … Vitamin K … decreases the effectiveness of warfarin","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"mvms_choosing","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Multivitamin/mineral Supplements (Health Professional), updated July 17, 2024; read via web.archive.org capture 24 Aug 2026 — Choosing a Multivitamin/mineral","quote":"Basic MVMs contain both vitamins and minerals, most in amounts that do not exceed the DVs. However, MVMs often have small amounts of certain nutrients, such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_limits","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines GL-CHPB-3-001 (January 2026), clause 4.8, Table 4 Vitamins Limits and Table 5 Minerals Limits","quote":"HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5 … Vitamin B6 100mg … Iron 15mg … Magnesium 350 mg","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_iron","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines GL-CHPB-3-001 (January 2026), Table 5 footnote (iron in prenatal multivitamin and mineral products)","quote":"For multivitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant women, a higher iron limit of 30mg/day may be considered","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_prohibited_2025","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in HS and TM (October 2025), clause 1.3 and Annex B row 56 (Iron)","quote":"The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM … 56. Iron — Restricted use in HS and TM … should not provide more than 15mg … Cautionary Statement","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/multivitamins","label":"iHerb Singapore — 'Multivitamins' category page, default order, 1,355 results","quote":"California Gold Nutrition, Multivitamin & Mineral, Two-A-Day … Life Extension, Two-Per-Day Multivitamin … Thorne, Basic Nutrients 2/Day … MaryRuth's, Liquid Morning Multivitamin … 21st Century, One Daily, Men's Health","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":[{"brand":"Thorne","example":"Thorne® Multi-Vitamin Elite","programme":"NSF Certified for Sport","matching_products":1,"brand_total_certified":66}],"updated_at":"2026-08-30T17:59:36.026222+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}