{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"molybdenum","kind":"supplement","name":"molybdenum","aliases":["sodium molybdate","molybdenum glycinate"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","Seeking Health","Codeage","KAL","Swanson Vitamins"],"class":"trace mineral","tags":["general"],"use_for":"cofactor for four enzymes; deficiency has not been reported","use_after":null,"use_duration":null,"take_with":null,"pros":["rda is 45 mcg — legumes, grains and nuts cover it","no known clinically relevant drug interactions","excreted rapidly in urine in healthy people"],"cons":["nih ods: not a standard treatment for any disease","sg listings of 400–500 mcg sit above hsa's 0.36 mg cap","high-molybdenum areas: achy joints, gout-like symptoms"],"dose_note":"supplements supply about 50–500 mcg; the adult rda is 45 mcg and singapore caps supplements at 0.36 mg (360 mcg) a day","dosage":{"ul":2000,"unit":"mcg","fda_dv":45,"rda_ai":45,"ul_status":"established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":360},"ul_status":"established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["over 2,000 mcg a day — above the adult upper limit","singapore: hsa restricts supplements to 0.36 mg (360 mcg) a day","the upper limit rests on animal reproduction data, not human studies"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"ods_moly_intro","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Molybdenum Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (Updated: March 30, 2021), Introduction","quote":"Molybdenum is a structural constituent of molybdopterin, a cofactor synthesized by the body and required for the function of four enzymes: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC).","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_moly_rda","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Molybdenum Fact Sheet (March 30, 2021), Table 1 RDAs, 19+ years","quote":"Table 1: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Molybdenum … 19+ years 45 mcg 45 mcg 50 mcg 50 mcg","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_moly_dv","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Molybdenum Fact Sheet (March 30, 2021), Daily Value","quote":"The DV for molybdenum is 45 mcg for adults and children age 4 years and older","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_moly_food","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Molybdenum Fact Sheet (March 30, 2021), Sources of Molybdenum","quote":"Legumes are the richest sources of molybdenum. Other foods high in molybdenum include whole grains, nuts, and beef liver.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_moly_forms","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Molybdenum Fact Sheet (March 30, 2021), Dietary supplements","quote":"Amounts range from about 50 mcg to 500 mcg. Forms of molybdenum in dietary supplements include molybdenum chloride, sodium molybdate, molybdenum glycinate, and molybdenum amino acid chelate.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_moly_deficiency","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Molybdenum Fact Sheet (March 30, 2021), Molybdenum Deficiency and Groups at Risk","quote":"Molybdenum deficiency has not been reported, except in people with a genetic mutation that prevents the synthesis of molybdopterin … No known groups of people are likely to have inadequate molybdenum intakes.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_moly_health","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Molybdenum Fact Sheet (March 30, 2021), Molybdenum and Health","quote":"Molybdenum is not a standard treatment for any disease or disorder.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_moly_excess","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Molybdenum Fact Sheet (March 30, 2021), Health Risks from Excessive Molybdenum","quote":"In healthy people, consumption of a diet high in molybdenum usually does not pose a health risk because the molybdenum is rapidly excreted in urine … achy joints, gout-like symptoms, and abnormally high blood levels of uric acid","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_moly_ul","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Molybdenum Fact Sheet (March 30, 2021), Table 3 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels","quote":"Given the absence of human studies, the FNB established ULs for molybdenum for healthy individuals based on levels associated with impaired reproduction and fetal development in rats and mice … 19+ years 2,000 mcg","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_moly_drugs","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Molybdenum Fact Sheet (March 30, 2021), Interactions with Medications","quote":"Molybdenum has no known, clinically relevant, interactions with medications.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_limits","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA Singapore — Health Supplements Guidelines (January 2026), clause 4.8 + Table 5 Minerals Limits","quote":"HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5 … Molybdenum 0.36 mg","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_prohibited_2025","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA Singapore — Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in HS and TM, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev. 001 (Oct 2025), Annex A row 70","quote":"70. Molybdenum — Restricted use in HS and TM — Maximum Daily Dose: When for oral use by general adult population, the maximum recommended daily dose should not provide more than 0.36mg","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/molybdenum","label":"iHerb Singapore — Molybdenum category page, default “Featured” order, 10 results (brands taken from positions 1–5)","quote":"California Gold Nutrition, N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine with Selenium & Molybdenum … Seeking Health, Molybdenum, 500 mcg … Codeage, Full Spectrum Binder+ … KAL, Molybdenum Amino Acid Chelate, 250 mcg … Swanson Vitamins, Albion Molybdenum, 400 mcg","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":[{"brand":"Seeking Health","example":null,"programme":"NSF Certified for Sport","matching_products":0,"brand_total_certified":1},{"brand":"Codeage","example":null,"programme":"NSF Certified for Sport","matching_products":0,"brand_total_certified":1}],"updated_at":"2026-08-30T17:59:36.026222+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}