{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"krill-oil","kind":"supplement","name":"krill oil","aliases":["Euphausia superba","Antarctic krill","Superba"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","Sports Research","Micro Ingredients","Futurebiotics","NOW Foods"],"class":"fatty acid","tags":["heart","bone-joint"],"use_for":"ldl and triglycerides in pooled trials · knee oa mixed","use_after":"daily","use_duration":"pooled lipid trials ran 2 weeks or longer","take_with":null,"pros":["ldl −15.5 mg/dl and tg −14 mg/dl in 7 pooled rcts","pain, stiffness and function better in 5 knee-oa rcts","omega-3s come phospholipid-bound; uptake data split"],"cons":["adverse events matched usual care; pain relief unclear","bad taste, breath, heartburn, nausea, diarrhea","krill is a crustacean — shellfish allergy matters"],"dose_note":"sg listings run about 500–1,000 mg of krill oil a softgel; the pooled lipid trials used at least 2 weeks of supplementation and the knee-oa pooling covers 5 rcts in 730 people; the iom set no ul for any omega-3 and fda holds supplements at no more than 5 g/day epa + dha as safe; hsa sets no daily limit for krill oil (tables 4–5 cover vitamins and minerals only) and krill is not listed in its oct 2025 prohibited/restricted annex a/b","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"mg","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["shellfish allergy — krill is a crustacean","on warfarin or other blood thinners — inr can rise; ask your doctor first","over 5 g/day epa + dha from supplements — beyond what fda calls safe","not listed in hsa's annex a/b — hsa says that list is not exhaustive"],"clashes":[{"src":["ods_omega3_warfarin"],"note":"fish oil might prolong clotting times (raised inr) with warfarin, though most research at 3–6 g/day found no significant change in anticoagulant status","with":"warfarin and other anticoagulants"}],"sources":[{"id":"ods_omega3_krill","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional): Dietary Supplements — krill oil form and bioavailability","quote":"Krill oil contains omega-3s primarily as phospholipids. Some studies suggest that these phospholipids have somewhat higher bioavailability than the omega-3s in fish oil, whereas other studies do not.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_omega3_ul","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional): Health Risks from Excessive Omega-3s — no UL, FDA 5 g/day","quote":"The IOM did not establish a UL for any omega-3s … FDA has concluded that dietary supplements providing no more than 5 g/day EPA and DHA are safe when used as recommended.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_omega3_side","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional): commonly reported side effects","quote":"Commonly reported side effects of omega-3 supplements are usually mild. These include unpleasant taste, bad breath, heartburn, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, headache, and odoriferous sweat.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_omega3_warfarin","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional): Interactions with Medications — anticoagulants","quote":"Fish oil might prolong clotting times, as indicated by an elevated international normalized ratio (INR), when it is taken with warfarin, but most research indicates that doses of 3–6 g/day fish oil do not significantly affect the anticoagulant status","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ursoniu2017","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28371906","label":"Lipid-modifying effects of krill oil in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Ursoniu et al., Nutr Rev 2017;75:361-373) — results","quote":"Meta-analysis of data from 7 eligible trials (14 treatment arms) with 662 participants showed a significant reduction in plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD, -15.52 mg/dL …) and triglycerides (WMD, -14.03 mg/dL …)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ursoniu2017_methods","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28371906","label":"Ursoniu et al., Nutr Rev 2017 — study selection (minimum supplementation period)","quote":"Randomized controlled trials that investigated the impact of at least 2 weeks of supplementation with krill oil on plasma/serum concentrations of at least one of the main lipid parameters","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ursoniu2017_context","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28371906","label":"Ursoniu et al., Nutr Rev 2017 — context (what krill oil is, strength of evidence)","quote":"Some experimental and clinical trials have shown that krill oil, extracted from small red crustaceans, might be an effective lipid-modifying agent, but the evidence is not conclusive.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"krilloa2025","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11835064","label":"Krill oil for knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Medicine (Baltimore) 2025; PMID 39960912) — results","quote":"Five randomized controlled trials involving 730 participants were included … no significant improvement in knee osteoarthritis as measured by visual analog scale; however, it exhibited significant benefits in terms of pain (SMD -0.60), stiffness, and functional outcomes","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"krilloa2025_concl","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11835064","label":"Krill oil for knee osteoarthritis meta-analysis (Medicine 2025) — conclusion and adverse events","quote":"adverse events in the krill oil group and usual care group also showed no statistical difference … Krill oil presents as a promising safe therapeutic option for knee osteoarthritis; however, its efficacy in pain relief requires further investigation.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_guidelines","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines GL-CHPB-3-001 Rev. 020 (January 2026), s3.1 working definition + clause 4.8","quote":"Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, enzymes, probiotics and other bioactive substances … HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_pr_notlisted","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in HS and TM, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev. 001 (Oct 2025), clause 1.3 + Annex A/B — searched, no row for krill, krill oil or Euphausia","quote":"The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/krill-oil","label":"iHerb Singapore — 'Krill Oil' category page, default order, 1 - 48 of 71 results","quote":"California Gold Nutrition, Premium Krill Oil with SUPERBABoost®, 1,000 mg … Sports Research, Omega-3 Krill Oil, 1,000 mg … Micro Ingredients, Antarctic Krill Oil (500 mg per Softgel) … Futurebiotics, Antarctic Krill Oil with Astaxanthin … NOW Foods, Krill 1000","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":[{"brand":"Sports Research","example":null,"programme":"NSF Certified for Sport","matching_products":0,"brand_total_certified":2}],"updated_at":"2026-08-30T17:59:36.026222+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}