{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"glutathione","kind":"supplement","name":"glutathione","aliases":["L-glutathione","reduced glutathione","liposomal glutathione"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","Life Extension","NOW Foods","Codeage","Aurora Nutrascience"],"class":"antioxidant / tripeptide","tags":["skin-hair","immune"],"use_for":"limited evidence — skin lightening; redox and immune markers","use_after":"daily","use_duration":"the 30-day safety arm dosed 600 mg a day","take_with":null,"pros":["oral doses lowered melanin, but results varied","30 days at 600 mg: no change in alt, ast or creatinine","gi discomfort was the most reported side effect"],"cons":["iv use: anaphylaxis and liver harm reported","no standardised dosing; trials are small and short","the bioavailability trial was one brand, n = 14"],"dose_note":"the crossover trial gave single oral doses of 500 mg standard glutathione and 300 mg micellar glutathione, then ran a 30-day arm at 600 mg a day; the skin-lightening review reports a lack of standardised dosing protocols, so no consensus daily amount could be sourced","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"mg","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["intravenous use — anaphylaxis and hepatotoxicity reported","long-term safety and optimal dosing are not established","not listed in hsa annex a or b (oct 2025) — not a clearance"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"gsh_skin_effect","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11862975","label":"Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of Glutathione Supplementation for Skin Lightening: A Narrative Review (Cureus 2025)","quote":"Oral administration shows significant but variable decreases in melanin levels with limited side effects … Intravenous glutathione … is associated with serious safety concerns like anaphylaxis and hepatotoxicity, further aggravated by a lack of standardized dosing protocols","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"gsh_skin_gap","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11862975","label":"Cureus 2025 narrative review — evidence gap","quote":"Current evidence supports glutathione's potential as a depigmenting agent but underscores the need for rigorous, large-scale clinical trials to establish long-term safety, optimal dosing, and standardized applications","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"gsh_bioavail_design","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13023597","label":"A Targeted Metabolomic Assessment of Oral Glutathione Bioavailability and Safety in Humans: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial (Antioxidants 2026) — design","quote":"a randomized, double-blind, crossover study was conducted in healthy adults (n = 14) to assess whole-blood GSH following single oral doses","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"gsh_bioavail_pk","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13023597","label":"Antioxidants 2026 crossover trial — pharmacokinetics","quote":"Compared with STD (500 mg), LMG (300 mg) produced significantly higher baseline-adjusted systemic GSH exposure and peak response (iAUC0-24: 1287.5 ± 179.0 vs. 517.8 ± 180.0 µg·mL·h; p = 0.0064)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"gsh_bioavail_safety","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13023597","label":"Antioxidants 2026 crossover trial — 30-day safety arm","quote":"No significant changes in clinical safety markers (e.g., ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine) were observed following 30 days of daily LMG administration at 600 mg/d","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"gsh_hiv_immune","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12943115","label":"Efficacy and Safety of Glutathione Supplementation in Patients with HIV Infection and HIV-Tuberculosis Co-Infection (Nutrients 2026) — mechanism","quote":"glutathione repletion … can restore intracellular thiol balance, improve immune cell function, enhance mitochondrial performance, and reduce systemic oxidative stress","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"gsh_hiv_safety","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12943115","label":"Nutrients 2026 review — tolerability","quote":"These interventions have shown consistent safety and tolerability across diverse populations … with gastrointestinal discomfort being the most commonly reported adverse effect and serious toxicities remaining rare","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"gsh_hiv_limits","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12943115","label":"Nutrients 2026 review — limitations","quote":"translation into routine clinical practice remains limited by methodological heterogeneity, short study durations, and lack of standardized biomarkers and long-term outcome data","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_prohibited_2025","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Health Supplements and Traditional Medicines, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev. No. 001 (Oct 2025)","quote":"The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/glutathione","label":"iHerb Singapore — Glutathione & Antioxidants category (default order); first 5 distinct brands in page order: California Gold Nutrition, Life Extension, NOW Foods, Codeage, Aurora Nutrascience","quote":"L-Glutathione (Reduced), 500 mg, 120 Veggie Capsules … Glutathione, Cysteine & C, 100 Capsules … Glutathione, 500 mg, 120 Veg Capsules … Liposomal Glutathione, 60 Vegetable Capsules … Mega-Pack+®, Liposomal Glutathione, 32 Packets","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":[{"brand":"Codeage","example":null,"programme":"NSF Certified for Sport","matching_products":0,"brand_total_certified":1}],"updated_at":"2026-08-30T17:59:39.960259+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}