{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"exogenous-ketones","kind":"supplement","name":"exogenous ketones","aliases":["BHB salts","beta-hydroxybutyrate","ketone esters"],"brands_sg":["Nobi Nutrition","KetoLogic","Nutricost","Real Ketones","Sports Research"],"class":"specialty compound","tags":["fitness","energy"],"use_for":"raises blood ketones — mostly a research tool so far","use_after":null,"use_duration":null,"take_with":null,"pros":["esters raise blood ketones more than salts do","esters bring less gut discomfort than salts","blood glucose fell in human studies"],"cons":["salts carry a high mineral load — gut distress","taste, tolerability and cost stay a challenge","sold ahead of the evidence for everyday use"],"dose_note":"the review sets no standard dose; salts and esters differ in potency, with esters generally raising blood ketones more than salts","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"g","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["salt forms add sodium, potassium or magnesium","not listed on HSA's annex, which is not exhaustive"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"falkenhain2023","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10103874","label":"Exogenous ketone supplementation: an emerging tool for physiologists with potential as a metabolic therapy (Falkenhain et al., Exp Physiol 2023)","quote":"Ketone salts consist of β‐OHB bound to a mineral (e.g., sodium, potassium, magnesium) … Generally, ketone esters are more potent at raising blood ketones than ketone salts and lead to fewer adverse side effects (e.g., less gastrointestinal discomfort)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_pr","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Health Supplements and Traditional Medicines (Oct 2025), Annex A","quote":"A list of specific prohibited and restricted ingredients is provided in Annex A … This list is not exhaustive. Dealers are responsible to ensure that their products are safe and appropriate for the target consumers.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines (Jan 2026), Tables 4–5","quote":"HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/bhb","label":"iHerb Singapore — BHB (exogenous ketone salts) category page, default order (1 - 42 of 42 results)","quote":"Nobi Nutrition, Premium Women's Fat Burner with Raspberry Ketones … KetoLogic, Keto BHB, 60 Capsules … Nutricost, BHB Salts, goBHB®, Unflavored … Real Ketones, Elevate, Orange … Sports Research, Keto+, Raspberry Lemonade","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":[{"brand":"Sports Research","example":null,"programme":"NSF Certified for Sport","matching_products":0,"brand_total_certified":2}],"updated_at":"2026-08-30T17:59:38.376296+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}