{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"diazepam","kind":"medication","name":"diazepam","aliases":["Valium"],"brands_sg":["Diapine","Stesolid","Valtoco","Diazepam Lipuro","AA Pharma Diazepam"],"class":"benzodiazepine","tags":["mental-health"],"use_for":"severe anxiety, seizures or muscle spasm, as prescribed","use_after":"nhs: short term only — up to about 4 weeks","use_duration":null,"take_with":"water · nhs: alcohol and grapefruit juice raise the risks","pros":["nhs: for severe anxiety, seizures and muscle spasms","sg register: tablet, injection, enema and nasal spray","nhs: most adults and children can take or use it"],"cons":["nhs: addiction and withdrawal if used beyond 4 weeks","nhs: less alert, drowsy, tired, low blood pressure","us label: with opioids — sedation, coma, death risk"],"dose_note":"no singapore oral label was published on the national drug formulary for the registered diazepam tablets, so no sg oral maximum could be quoted. the us valium label states 'Dosage should be individualized … While the usual daily dosages given below will meet the needs of most patients, there will be some who may require higher doses' and gives, for anxiety, '2 mg to 10 mg, 2 to 4 times daily' — it sets no fixed oral ceiling. the singapore label for valtoco nasal spray does set one: 'Do not use more than 2 doses of VALTOCO to treat a single episode. It is recommended that VALTOCO be used to treat no more than one episode every five days and no more than five episodes per month.' the nhs adds a duration limit: 'Diazepam should only be used short term, up to 4 weeks.' in singapore the prescriber sets the dose and the duration.","dosage":null,"ul_status":null,"sg_class":"prescription-only","cautions":["long-term kidney, liver, heart or breathing problems (nhs)","a history of alcohol or recreational drug misuse (nhs)","certain mental health conditions (nhs)","pregnancy or trying to get pregnant (nhs)"],"clashes":[{"src":["fda_valium_opioid"],"note":"us label: profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma and death are possible","with":"opioid painkillers"},{"src":["nhs_diaz_alcohol"],"food":true,"note":"nhs: both can increase the risk of side effects","with":"alcohol and grapefruit juice"},{"src":["nhs_diaz_int"],"note":"nhs lists these among medicines that may not mix well with diazepam","with":"fluvoxamine, fluoxetine or clozapine"},{"src":["nhs_diaz_int"],"note":"nhs lists these among medicines that may not mix well with diazepam","with":"sedating antihistamines and general anaesthetics"}],"sources":[{"id":"hsa_register","url":"https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_767279312753558cbf19d48344577084/view","label":"HSA — Listing of Registered Therapeutic Products (data.gov.sg open dataset, cached in full and filtered locally)","quote":"All 9 registered diazepam products carry Forensicclassification 'Prescription Only' — SIN00044P AA PHARMA DIAZEPAM TABLET 5 mg · SIN00421P DIAPINE INJECTION 5 mg/ml · SIN02309P STESOLID ENEMA · SIN17435P VALTOCO Nasal Spray 10mg/spray · SIN08242P DIAZEPAM LIPURO INJECTION","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ndf_valtoco_max","url":"https://www.ndf.gov.sg/about-drugs/product-information/sin17435p/","label":"Singapore National Drug Formulary — VALTOCO Nasal Spray 10mg/spray [SIN17435P], section 2.2 maximum dosage and treatment frequency","quote":"Do not use more than 2 doses of VALTOCO to treat a single episode. It is recommended that VALTOCO be used to treat no more than one episode every five days and no more than five episodes per month.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"fda_valium_dose","url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json?search=openfda.brand_name:%22VALIUM%22&limit=1","label":"US FDA label for Valium (diazepam) tablets, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, via openFDA (effective 2026-08-11)","quote":"Dosage should be individualized … While the usual daily dosages given below will meet the needs of most patients, there will be some who may require higher doses … 2 mg to 10 mg, 2 to 4 times daily","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"fda_valium_opioid","url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json?search=openfda.brand_name:%22VALIUM%22&limit=1","label":"US FDA label for Valium (diazepam), WARNINGS — risks from concomitant use with opioids, via openFDA","quote":"Concomitant use of benzodiazepines, including Valium, and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nhs_diaz_uses","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diazepam/","label":"NHS — Diazepam: what diazepam is for","quote":"Diazepam is a type of medicine called a benzodiazepine … severe anxiety with symptoms such as sweating, shaking and not sleeping (insomnia) · seizures (fits) · muscle spasms","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nhs_diaz_short","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diazepam/","label":"NHS — Diazepam: important short-term use warning","quote":"Diazepam should only be used short term, up to 4 weeks. Taking it for longer can cause addiction and withdrawal symptoms.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nhs_diaz_side","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diazepam/","label":"NHS — Diazepam: common side effects","quote":"Common side effects of diazepam include: feeling less alert · increased anxiety and depression · feeling drowsy (sleepy) · tiredness · low blood pressure (hypotension)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nhs_diaz_most","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diazepam/","label":"NHS — Diazepam: who can use diazepam","quote":"Most adults and children can take or use diazepam.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nhs_diaz_who","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diazepam/","label":"NHS — Diazepam: who can and cannot use diazepam","quote":"it may not be suitable if you: have long-term kidney, liver, heart or breathing problems · have certain mental health conditions · have a history of alcohol or recreational drug misuse … are pregnant or trying to get pregnant","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nhs_diaz_int","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diazepam/","label":"NHS — Diazepam: taking diazepam with other medicines","quote":"antidepressants such as fluvoxamine and fluoxetine · antipsychotics, such as clozapine · antihistamines that make you sleepy · general anaesthetics (to put you to sleep before surgery)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nhs_diaz_alcohol","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diazepam/","label":"NHS — Diazepam: food, drink and alcohol","quote":"Do not drink alcohol or grapefruit juice while taking diazepam as it can increase the risk of side effects. Drinks that contain caffeine can sometimes reduce the effects of diazepam.","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:18.585742+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}