{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"cod-liver-oil","kind":"supplement","name":"cod liver oil","aliases":["CLO"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","Carlson","NOW Foods","Nordic Naturals","Jigsaw Health"],"class":"fish oil","tags":["bone-joint","immune"],"use_for":"fish oil that also carries vitamin a and vitamin d","use_after":null,"use_duration":null,"take_with":"counts toward daily vitamin a and d intake as well","pros":["supplies epa, dha, vitamin a and vitamin d together","hsa lists vitamin a and d under bone and teeth claims","omega-3 supplements haven't been found to carry mercury"],"cons":["vitamin a adds up — the adult ul is 3,000 mcg/day","hsa caps supplement vitamin a at 1.5 mg (5000 iu)/day","unpleasant taste, bad breath, heartburn and diarrhoea"],"dose_note":"hsa caps vitamin a at 1.5 mg (5000 iu) and vitamin d at 0.025 mg (1000 iu) per day in general-adult supplements, and the adult tolerable upper intake level for preformed vitamin a is 3,000 mcg/day — both lower than the amounts in some high-strength cod liver oils","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"g","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["pregnancy — experts advise against high-dose vitamin a","already on a multivitamin — vitamin a and d totals add up","on warfarin — inr monitoring is advised with omega-3s","existing cvd — 4 g/day raised atrial fibrillation risk"],"clashes":[{"src":["ods_warfarin"],"note":"fish oil may prolong clotting time; inserts advise periodic inr monitoring","with":"warfarin and other anticoagulants"},{"src":["hsa_hs_limits","ods_vita_ul"],"note":"totals are what count against the hsa limits and the vitamin a ul","with":"other vitamin a or vitamin d supplements"}],"sources":[{"id":"ods_clo","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional)","quote":"LC omega-3s are present in several dietary supplement formulations, including fish oil, krill oil, cod liver oil … Cod liver oil supplements provide vitamin A and vitamin D in addition to LC omega-3s","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_mercury","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional)","quote":"Although seafood contains varying levels of methyl mercury (a toxic heavy metal), omega-3 supplements have not been found to contain this contaminant because it is removed during processing and purification","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_sides","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional)","quote":"Commonly reported side effects of omega-3 supplements are usually mild. These include unpleasant taste, bad breath, heartburn, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, headache, and odoriferous sweat","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_safety","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional)","quote":"The IOM did not establish a UL for any omega-3s … FDA has concluded that dietary supplements providing no more than 5 g/day EPA and DHA are safe when used as recommended","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_af","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional)","quote":"Two large clinical trials … found that taking 4 g/day of omega-3 supplements for several years slightly increased the risk of atrial fibrillation in people with CVD or at high risk of CVD","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_warfarin","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional)","quote":"Fish oil might prolong clotting times, as indicated by an elevated international normalized ratio (INR), when it is taken with warfarin … patients taking these products with anticoagulants should be monitored periodically for changes in INR","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_ai","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional)","quote":"The AIs apply only to ALA because ALA is the only omega-3 that is essential. The IOM did not establish specific intake recommendations for EPA, DHA … 19–50 years 1.6 g (male) 1.1 g (female)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_nodv","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Health Professional)","quote":"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Daily Value (DV) of 65 g for total fat but not for omega-3s","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_vita_ul","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin A and Carotenoids (Health Professional), Table 3","quote":"Table 3: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) for Preformed Vitamin A … 19+ years 3,000 mcg 3,000 mcg 3,000 mcg 3,000 mcg","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_vita_preg","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Vitamin A and Carotenoids (Health Professional), excess intake","quote":"Experts advise women who are or might be pregnant and those who are lactating not to take high doses (more than 3,000 mcg RAE [10,000 IU] daily) of vitamin A supplements","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_limits","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines (Jan 2026), Table 4 vitamins limits","quote":"HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5 … Vitamin A (retinol) 1.5mg (5000IU) … Vitamin D 0.025mg (1000IU)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_claims","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines (Jan 2026), list of health claims attributable to vitamins/minerals","quote":"Help build strong bones and teeth • Vitamin A, D • Calcium … Provitamin A/vitamin A to help maintain eyesight, skin, membranes and immune function • Betacarotene, vitamin A","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_pr","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on prohibited and restricted ingredients in health supplements and traditional medicines (Oct 2025), Annex A/B","quote":"The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/cod-liver-oil","label":"iHerb Singapore — Cod Liver Oil category page","quote":"Cod Liver Oil","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":[{"brand":"Nordic Naturals","example":null,"programme":"NSF Certified for Sport","matching_products":0,"brand_total_certified":9}],"updated_at":"2026-08-30T17:59:39.960259+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}