{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"citrulline","kind":"supplement","name":"citrulline","aliases":["L-citrulline","citrulline malate"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","NOW Foods","Life Extension","EVLution Nutrition","Nutricost"],"class":"amino acid","tags":["fitness","heart"],"use_for":"small, uncertain gains in exercise performance","use_after":"acute use before a session reads steadier than daily use","use_duration":null,"take_with":"water · trials dose it about 60 min before testing","pros":["30 RCTs pooled — small overall performance gain","8 g citrulline malate is the common trial dose","acute dosing evidence is steadier than chronic"],"cons":["GRADE certainty ranged from low to very low","effect on perceived exertion was not significant","ODS: little research support for performance use"],"dose_note":"trials most often use 8 g citrulline malate about 60 min before exercise; the ODS sheet also cites 3 g before testing or 9 g over 24 hours; reliable dosing has not been established","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"g","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["on blood-pressure medicines — it acts on the nitric oxide pathway; ask your doctor first","gastrointestinal discomfort has been reported at study doses","long-term use — trials have lacked standardised adverse-event reporting"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"citrulline_meta","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13304508","label":"Citrulline malate and exercise performance: systematic review and three-level meta-analysis (Nutrients 2026)","quote":"CM supplementation was associated with a small improvement in overall exercise performance (g = 0.16, p = 0.01) … The pooled effect on perceived exertion was not statistically significant … GRADE certainty ranged from low to very low","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"ods_eap","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ExerciseAndAthleticPerformance-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance (Health Professional)","quote":"Dilates blood vessels to increase delivery of oxygen and nutrients to skeletal muscle … Little research support for use to enhance performance … Gastrointestinal discomfort","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_restricted","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on prohibited and restricted ingredients in health supplements and traditional medicines (Oct 2025, Annex A/B)","quote":"Annex B: List of substances with potential safety issues and recommended risk mitigation measures","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on health supplements (Tables 4–5, maximum daily dose limits)","quote":"Table 4: Vitamins Limits … Table 5: Minerals Limits","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/nitric-oxide-supplements","label":"iHerb Singapore — Nitric Oxide Supplements category (default order)","quote":"California Gold Nutrition … NOW Foods … Life Extension … EVLution Nutrition … Nutricost","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:16.693643+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}