{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"chondroitin","kind":"supplement","name":"chondroitin","aliases":["chondroitin sulfate"],"brands_sg":["Doctor's Best","NOW Foods","Source Naturals","Best Naturals","Swanson Vitamins"],"class":"glycosaminoglycan","tags":["bone-joint"],"use_for":"joint pain and function in knee trials · results conflict","use_after":"daily","use_duration":"trials ran 6 months to 2 years","take_with":"often combined with glucosamine · split into 2–3 doses","pros":["18-study analysis found a benefit, but inconsistent","80 of 107 safety studies: no or mild side effects","no cyp enzyme inhibition in liver-microsome tests"],"cons":["acr and oarsi 2019 guidelines advise against it","bleeding risk reported with warfarin","gut upset the most common side effect"],"dose_note":"studies most often use 1200 mg a day of chondroitin, usually in two or three divided doses and often alongside glucosamine 1500 mg; across osteoarthritis trials the reported range is 60–1560 mg a day, and expert guideline bodies disagree on whether any of it helps","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"mg","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["warfarin or other blood thinners — ask your doctor first","pregnant or breastfeeding — little is known","diagnosed osteoarthritis — guidelines conflict; ask your doctor"],"clashes":[{"src":["nccih_gluco_safety","kim2023_cyp"],"note":"case reports of raised INR with chondroitin plus glucosamine; NCCIH reports increased bleeding risk","with":"warfarin (and other coumarin anticoagulants)"}],"sources":[{"id":"nccih_gluco","url":"https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/glucosamine-and-chondroitin-for-osteoarthritis","label":"NCCIH — Glucosamine and Chondroitin for Osteoarthritis: What You Need To Know","quote":"for pain and joint function in people with knee osteoarthritis, but studies have had inconsistent results, and expert evaluations of the evidence have reached conflicting conclusions. It's still uncertain whether glucosamine and chondroitin are helpful","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nccih_gluco_18","url":"https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/glucosamine-and-chondroitin-for-osteoarthritis","label":"NCCIH — Glucosamine and Chondroitin for Osteoarthritis, chondroitin-alone evidence","quote":"A 2019 analysis of 18 studies of chondroitin taken alone for osteoarthritis (3,791 participants), 16 of which were on knee osteoarthritis, showed a significant benefit of chondroitin, but with much inconsistency in the study results","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nccih_gluco_guidelines","url":"https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/glucosamine-and-chondroitin-for-osteoarthritis","label":"NCCIH — Glucosamine and Chondroitin for Osteoarthritis, clinical practice guidelines","quote":"The 2019 ACR/AF guideline strongly recommends against the use of chondroitin alone or in combination with glucosamine for knee osteoarthritis … the 2021 AAOS guideline includes chondroitin in a list of dietary supplements that may be helpful","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nccih_gluco_safety","url":"https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/glucosamine-and-chondroitin-for-osteoarthritis","label":"NCCIH — Glucosamine and Chondroitin for Osteoarthritis, safety section","quote":"No major safety problems have been identified … chondroitin have been associated with an increased risk of bleeding in people who are taking the anticoagulant warfarin. Little is known about the safety … during pregnancy or while breastfeeding","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nccih_gluco_duration","url":"https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/glucosamine-and-chondroitin-for-osteoarthritis","label":"NCCIH — Glucosamine and Chondroitin for Osteoarthritis, trial durations","quote":"Two large 2-year trials of glucosamine and chondroitin for knee osteoarthritis … In this 6-month trial, hand pain decreased and hand function improved to a greater extent in the chondroitin group than the placebo group","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"baden2025","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12250884","label":"The Safety and Efficacy of Glucosamine and/or Chondroitin in Humans: A Systematic Review (Baden et al., Nutrients 2025)","quote":"37 of these studies reported 1200 mg as the daily dose for chondroitin … in two or three divided doses … Osteoarthritis Range glucosamine: 375–2250 mg Range chondroitin: 60–1560 mg","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"baden2025_safety","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12250884","label":"Baden et al., Nutrients 2025 — safety outcomes","quote":"80 of 107 safety studies reported no adverse effects, minimal/mild adverse effects, or adverse effects no different than the comparator … The most common AEs reported were gastrointestinal-related, including nausea, diarrhea, constipation, dyspepsia, and bloating","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"kim2023_cyp","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10745882","label":"Investigation of Drug-Interaction Potential for Arthritis Dietary Supplements: Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, and Methylsulfonylmethane (Kim et al., Molecules 2023)","quote":"CS, GCS, and MSM had no inhibitory effects on CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 … there have been reports of an interaction case where the co-administration of CS and GCS with warfarin resulted in an elevated INR","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_prohibited_2025","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Health Supplements and Traditional Medicines, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev 001 (Oct 2025)","quote":"The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list [chondroitin / chondroitin sulfate not listed in Annex A or B]","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_2026","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Health Supplements Guidelines, GL-CHPB-3-001 Rev 020 (Jan 2026), Table 5: Minerals Limits","quote":"Table 5: Minerals Limits … Nutrient Maximum Daily Limit Boron 6.4 mg Calcium 1200 mg Chromium 0.5 mg Copper 2 mg Iodine 0.15 mg Iron 15 mg* Magnesium 350 mg Manganese 3.5 mg … Selenium 0.2 mg Zinc 15 mg","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/chondroitin","label":"iHerb Singapore — Chondroitin category page (default order, 8 results)","quote":"Doctor's Best, Hyaluronic Acid + Chondroitin Sulfate … NOW Foods, Chondroitin Sulfate, 600 mg … Source Naturals, Chondroitin Sulfate, 400 mg … Best Naturals, Hyaluronic Acid With Glucosamine & Chondroitin … Swanson Vitamins, Chondroitin Sulfate, 600 mg, 120 Capsules","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:14.713299+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}