{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"cayenne","kind":"supplement","name":"cayenne","aliases":["capsaicin","Capsicum annuum","cayenne pepper"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","Simply Organic","Lawry's","Frontier Co-op","The Spice Lab"],"class":"botanical","tags":["heart","general"],"use_for":"heart risk markers — pooled effects small and unstable","use_after":null,"use_duration":"longer runs (≥ 8 weeks) looked better in subgroup analysis","take_with":null,"pros":["13 randomised trials, 821 adults — a real trial base","small falls in total cholesterol and diastolic bp","4 cohorts, 570,762 people: lower death rates seen"],"cons":["those falls vanished when one study was removed","grade certainty was low to very low for most outcomes","sg bars cholesterol and hypertension claims (table 6)"],"dose_note":"the 2026 systematic review and meta-analysis pooled 13 randomised trials (n = 821) of capsaicin, red pepper or related compounds versus placebo and reports no single common dose; its subgroup analysis suggests intervention durations of 8 weeks or longer might do more for total cholesterol and hdl. the cohort meta-analysis compared regular chili-pepper eaters with people who rarely or never eat it, which is a dietary pattern rather than a supplement dose. no rda, ul or fda daily value exists for cayenne, and hsa's tables 4–5 cover vitamins and minerals only, so no sg daily maximum applies","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"mg","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["the mortality finding is an association from four observational cohorts, not a trial result","heterogeneity was high — I² above 50% for most trial outcomes and 97% in the cohort pooling","trial authors call the cholesterol and diastolic blood-pressure results statistically unstable","singapore: not listed in hsa annex a or b, which is not a safety clearance"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"ghoreishy2026","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41856833","label":"The effect of red pepper/capsaicin on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment (Ghoreishy SM et al.; Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2026; PMID 41856833)","quote":"Thirteen RCTs (n = 821 participants) were included … associated with small, statistically unstable reductions in total cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure; however, these effects were not robust to sensitivity analyses … low-confidence estimates","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"yamani2021","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34603712","label":"Meta-analysis evaluating the impact of chili-pepper intake on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review (Yamani N et al.; Ann Med Surg 2021; PMID 34603712)","quote":"four potential observational studies with a population of 570,762 … reduced all-cause mortality in CP consumers compared to nonconsumers with a risk ratio (RR) of 0.75 [95% CI: 0.64-0.88; p = 0.0004; I 2 = 97%]","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_table6","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA Singapore — Health Supplements Guidelines (January 2026), Table 6: Examples of Diseases/Conditions/Disorders Not Allowed for Health Supplements","quote":"Blood and circulatory system — Hypertension, stroke, cholesterol disorders, reduces cholesterol, regulates platelet aggregation, coagulation defects, arteriosclerosis","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_pr_notlisted","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Health Supplements and Traditional Medicines (Oct 2025), Annex A (118 rows, Abrus to Zinc) and Annex B (4 rows) — both searched, no row for this ingredient","quote":"The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_limits","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA Singapore — Health Supplements Guidelines (January 2026), clause 4.8 and Tables 4–5 (vitamins and minerals only)","quote":"HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/cayenne","label":"iHerb Singapore — Cayenne Pepper category page, default order (1 - 12 of 12 results); first 5 distinct brands: California Gold Nutrition, Simply Organic, Lawry's, Frontier Co-op, The Spice Lab","quote":"California Gold Nutrition, Organic Cayenne … Simply Organic, Cayenne … Lawry's, Ground Cayenne Pepper … Frontier Co-op, Organic Cayenne … The Spice Lab, Organic Cayenne Pepper","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:14.713299+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}