{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"artichoke","kind":"supplement","name":"artichoke extract","aliases":["Cynara scolymus","cynarin"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","Micro Ingredients","NOW Foods","Nature's Way","Nutricost"],"class":"botanical","tags":["gut","heart"],"use_for":"dyspepsia symptoms — one trial, low-certainty evidence","use_after":null,"use_duration":null,"take_with":null,"pros":["cochrane: may improve dyspepsia vs placebo","ema: traditional herbal use for digestive upset","a 2021 meta-analysis of 14 trials saw ldl-c fall"],"cons":["cochrane rated that evidence low certainty","it rests on 1 trial of 244 people, smd −0.34","sg bars cholesterol claims (hsa table 6)"],"dose_note":"clinical studies mostly used 320 mg of standardised leaf extract once or twice a day, with 320 mg or 640 mg daily for 2 months in mild dyspepsia; the 2025 nutrients audit of food-supplement labels found marketed doses ranging from 15 to 2,500 mg and notes that doses under 320 mg might be insufficient; the ema classifies artichoke as a traditional herbal medicinal product for symptomatic relief of digestive disorders such as dyspepsia with fullness, bloating and flatulence, based on long-standing use rather than trial evidence; the cochrane 2023 review of non-chinese herbal medicines for functional dyspepsia rated the artichoke result low certainty from a single 244-person study; no rda, ul, fda daily value or hsa singapore daily limit exists","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"mg","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["singapore bars cholesterol and blood-pressure claims on health supplements (hsa table 6)","the dyspepsia and lipid findings each come from small single studies or pooled small trials","not listed in hsa's prohibited or restricted annexes — that is not a safety finding"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"cochrane2023_artichoke","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013323.pub2","label":"Non-Chinese herbal medicines for functional dyspepsia (Báez, Vargas, Arancibia, Papuzinski & Franco; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023) — artichoke result","quote":"We found evidence that the following herbal medicines may improve symptoms of dyspepsia compared to placebo … artichoke (SMD -0.34, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.09; 1 study, 244 participants; low CoE)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"cochrane2023_conclusion","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013323.pub2","label":"Cochrane 2023, Non-Chinese herbal medicines for functional dyspepsia — authors' conclusions","quote":"Based on moderate to very low-certainty evidence, we identified some herbal medicines that may be effective in improving symptoms of dyspepsia. Moreover, these interventions may not be associated with important adverse events.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"teterovska2025_artichoke_ema","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12693992","label":"Medicinal Plants in Food Supplements for Gastrointestinal Disorders (Teterovska et al., Nutrients 2025) — section 3.3.2, EMA status of artichoke","quote":"The EMA has classified artichoke as a traditional herbal medicinal product for the symptomatic relief of digestive disorders, such as dyspepsia accompanied by a sensation of fullness, bloating, and flatulence, based on long-standing use","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"teterovska2025_artichoke_dose","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12693992","label":"Teterovska et al., Nutrients 2025 — section 3.3.2, doses used in trials versus doses sold","quote":"Standardized artichoke leaf extracts 320 or 640 mg daily used for 2 months reduced mild dyspepsia … Most clinical studies used 320 mg once or twice per day; thus, FS doses under 320 mg might be insufficient","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"teterovska2025_artichoke_market","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12693992","label":"Teterovska et al., Nutrients 2025 — section 3.3.2, doses found in marketed food supplements","quote":"Most products contained artichoke leaf extract, and doses ranged significantly from 15 to 2500 mg per dosage.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"shahinfar2021","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7247","label":"Effects of artichoke leaf extract supplementation or artichoke juice consumption on lipid profile: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of RCTs (Shahinfar et al., Phytotherapy Research 2021)","quote":"Combining 15 effect sizes from 14 studies … artichoke significantly reduced TG …, TC …, and LDL-C (WMD: -17.48 mg/dl, 95%CI: -25.44, -9.53, p < .001). No significant effect of artichoke on HDL-C level was detected","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_claims_table6","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA Singapore — Health Supplements Guidelines GL-CHPB-3-001 Rev. No. 020 (January 2026), clause 6.6 and Table 6 (diseases/conditions not allowed for health supplements)","quote":"HS must not be labelled, advertised or promoted for any specific medicinal purpose … Blood and circulatory system: Hypertension, stroke, cholesterol disorders, reduces cholesterol, regulates platelet aggregation, coagulation defects, arteriosclerosis","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_prohibited","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA Singapore — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Health Supplements and Traditional Medicines, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev. No. 001 (October 2025), Annex A (118 rows) and Annex B (4 rows) — artichoke / Cynara scolymus not listed in either (alphabetical neighbours 36. Croton tiglium, 37. Danthron)","quote":"The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_hs_guidelines","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-hs-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA Singapore — Health Supplements Guidelines GL-CHPB-3-001 Rev. No. 020 (January 2026), clause 4.8 with Tables 4–5 (vitamins and minerals only — no botanical rows)","quote":"4.8 HS for use by the general adult population should not contain vitamins and minerals exceeding the stipulated limits stated in Tables 4 and 5.","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/artichoke","label":"iHerb Singapore — Artichoke category page, default listing order","quote":"1 - 22 of 22 results: California Gold Nutrition, Silymarin Complex; Micro Ingredients, TUDCA; NOW Foods, Artichoke Extract; Nature's Way, Artichoke, Standardized Extract; Nutricost, Artichoke Extract, 600 mg","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:10.48466+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}