{"ok":true,"entry":{"slug":"apple-cider-vinegar","kind":"supplement","name":"apple cider vinegar","aliases":["ACV","Bragg","acetic acid"],"brands_sg":["California Gold Nutrition","Bragg","Natural Factors","NOW Foods","21st Century"],"class":"botanical / organic acid","tags":["gut","general"],"use_for":"meta-analysis: small drops in fasting glucose, cholesterol","use_after":null,"use_duration":"trials ran 30–90 days · glucose effect past 8 weeks","take_with":"water or a beverage · how the trials delivered it","pros":["9 trials pooled: total cholesterol fell ~6 mg/dl","fasting glucose and hba1c fell in the same pool","side effects reported in only 2 of the 9 trials"],"cons":["no effect on ldl, hdl, insulin or homa-ir","heterogeneity high (i² 75–91%) — pooled result unstable","fasting glucose rose in apparently healthy people"],"dose_note":"trials ran 30–90 days; the lipid changes sit in the subgroup taking 15 ml a day or less, and the fasting-glucose change in the subgroup running longer than 8 weeks; the review reports doses from 15 ml a day upward","dosage":{"ul":null,"unit":"mL","fda_dv":null,"rda_ai":null,"ul_status":"none_established","population":"general adult","hsa_max_daily":null},"ul_status":"none_established","sg_class":null,"cautions":["stomach burning and acv intolerance were reported in two trials","on diabetes medicine — glucose fell in the type 2 diabetes trials","healthy adults — fasting glucose rose in that subgroup, not fell"],"clashes":[],"sources":[{"id":"hadi2021","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8243436","label":"The effect of apple cider vinegar on lipid profiles and glycemic parameters: systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs (Hadi et al., BMC Complement Med Ther 2021)","quote":"ACV consumption significantly decreased serum total cholesterol (- 6.06 mg/dL), fasting plasma glucose (- 7.97 mg/dL), and HbA1C concentrations (- 0.50) … No significant effect … on serum LDL-C, HDL-C, fasting insulin concentrations, or HOMA-IR","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hadi2021_subgroups","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8243436","label":"Hadi et al. 2021 — subgroup findings (dose, duration, population)","quote":"a significant reduction of serum TC and TG in a subgroup of patients with type 2 diabetes, those who took ≤15 mL/day of ACV, and those who consumed ACV for > 8-weeks","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hadi2021_hetero","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8243436","label":"Hadi et al. 2021 — heterogeneity of the pooled estimates","quote":"fasting plasma glucose (- 7.97 mg/dL; 95% CI: - 13.74, - 2.21; I2: 75%), and HbA1C concentrations (- 0.50; 95% CI: - 0.90, - 0.09; I2: 91%)","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hadi2021_healthy","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8243436","label":"Hadi et al. 2021 — effect in apparently healthy participants","quote":"ACV intake appeared to elicit an increase in FPG and HDL-C concentrations in apparently healthy participants","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hadi2021_safety","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8243436/fullTextXML","label":"Hadi et al. 2021 — reported side effects (full text, Discussion)","quote":"ACV appears to be a safe natural supplement … Only two studies had reported some side effects (such as stomach burning and ACV intolerance) following consumption of this supplement","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hadi2021_dose","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8243436/fullTextXML","label":"Hadi et al. 2021 — doses and durations of the included trials (full text, Results)","quote":"All trials were of parallel design and the duration of intervention ranged between 30 and 90 days. The dose of ACV varied from 15 to 770 mL/day","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hadi2021_vehicle","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8243436/fullTextXML","label":"Hadi et al. 2021 — how ACV was administered (full text, Table 2)","quote":"Kondo et al. (2009) … Beverage 15 mL/day … Mahmoodi et al. (2013) … Water 15 mL/day … Participants in control groups were prescribed water/beverage","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"nih_ods_weightloss","url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/WeightLoss-HealthProfessional/","label":"NIH ODS — Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss (Health Professional). Checked 27 Aug 26: apple cider vinegar / acetic acid is NOT covered by this or any ODS fact sheet","quote":"In some cases, evidence of their purported benefits consists of limited data from animal and laboratory studies, rather than data from human clinical trials","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"hsa_prohibited_2025","url":"https://file.go.gov.sg/hsa-chp-prohibited-restricted-ing-guidelines.pdf","label":"HSA — Guidelines on Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Health Supplements and Traditional Medicines, GL-CHPB-1-012 Rev 001 (Oct 2025)","quote":"The objective of this guideline is to highlight the substances of concern when used in HS and TM and is not meant to be an exhaustive list [apple cider vinegar / acetic acid not listed in Annex A or B]","accessed":"2026-08-27"},{"id":"iherb_sg","url":"https://sg.iherb.com/c/apple-cider-vinegar","label":"iHerb Singapore — Weight Management > Apple Cider Vinegar category (default order)","quote":"California Gold Nutrition, Apple Cider Vinegar, 60 Veggie Capsules … Bragg, Apple Cider Vinegar, 90 Capsules … Natural Factors, Fermented Apple Cider Vinegar … NOW Foods, Apple Cider Vinegar, 450 mg … 21st Century, Apple Cider Vinegar, 300 mg","accessed":"2026-08-27"}],"brand_certs":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-29T16:16:10.48466+08:00"},"disclaimer":"kozen-x is not a medical device and does not give medical advice. it lists what published sources have written down. absence of a record is not the same as safe."}